myelography - shows 'serpent like' vessels on the surface of the cord.
spinal angiography - delineates the extent of the AVM and the exact site of the shunt and feeding vessel. It should be performed only if the myelography is positive. This method is now being replaced by digital subtraction angiography.
check for risk factors - venous thrombosis, 'steal' phenomenon; venous bulk; or arachnoiditis - if previous bleed.
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