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Clinical evaluation of atrial fibrillation

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

clinical evaluation

A thorough medical history should be obtained in order to characterise whether AF is paroxysmal or persistent and the symptoms it produces, and to look for possible causes, precipitating factors or possible underlying heart disease (1).

The initial clinical evaluation in AF should include:

determination of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) score
estimation of stroke risk - e.g. CHADS2 score, CHA2DS2-VASc score
search for conditions that predispose to AF e.g. - hypertension, valvular heart diseases, cardiomyopthy
for complications of the arrhythmia e.g. - death, stroke and other thromboembolic events

Physical examination should include:

blood pressure
heart rate
presence of cardiac murmurs (such as aortic or mitral stenosis)
evidence of heart failure (pulmonary rales, S3 gallop, peripheral pulses, and jugular venous distention) (3)

NICE suggest (4):

Stroke risk

Use the CHA2DS2-VASc stroke risk score to assess stroke risk in people with any of the following:
- symptomatic or asymptomatic paroxysmal, persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation
- atrial flutter
- a continuing risk of arrhythmia recurrence after cardioversion back to sinus rhythm

Bleeding risk

assess the risk of bleeding when:
- considering starting anticoagulation in people with atrial fibrillation and
- reviewing people already taking anticoagulation
use the ORBIT bleeding risk score to assess bleeding risk (4)
offer monitoring and support to modify risk factors for bleeding, including (4):
- uncontrolled hypertension
- poor control of international normalised ratio (INR) in patients on vitamin K antagonists
- Concurrent medication, including antiplatelets, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- harmful alcohol consumption
- reversible causes of anaemia

Reference:

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Clinical evaluation of atrial fibrillation

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