Clinical features

This condition is often asymptomatic.

Clinical features include:

• malaise
• headache
• vague loin discomfort
• abdominal pain
• dyspnoea
• convulsions
• smoky urine, sometimes described as pepsi-coloured by parents
• oedema on the face around the orbits and on the backs of the hands and feet
• majority of cases oliguria is only mild but severe fluid retention can sometimes produce acute hypertension, with encephalopathy and seizures, or heart failure
• the patient may present with vomiting

On examination there may be evidence of:

• sore throat or skin sepsis
• anaemia as a result of haemolysis
• raised blood pressure