traumatic injury - including the creation of a false passage and urethral rupture from balloon inflation; these are avoided by proper technique. It is not unusual to have a small amount of haematuria after an uneventful catheterisation.
introduction of infection - in theory, this is prevented by aseptic technique but in practice, may be difficult to avoid.
in chronic retention, catheterisation may produce a diuresis with subsequent dehydration if fluid replacement is inadequate
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