echocardiography, allowing the defect to be visualised.
cardiac catheterisation and angiography - features dependent on the size of the defect.
in a small defect: the right heart and pulmonary artery pressures are normal.
large defect: the right heart and pulmonary artery are raised. The amount of left to right shunt through the defect can be calculated by analysis of the appropriate oxygen saturations.
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