Patients should be investigated and managed for any systemic (non-oral) cause of halitosis (1)
In patients with no underlying systemic cause t he most effective management of halitosis is aimed at reducing the bacterial flora of the mouth, especially the anaerobes.
Antibiotics are rarely used except in cases of post- operative halitosis.
Psychological evaluation and treatment may be necessary in patients with halitophobia (1).
Reference:
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