Untreated, DCIS is associated with a substantially increased risk of developing invasive carcinoma:
The optimal therapy remains controversial but should involve local resection with pathologically clear margins. This may be combined with various combinations of radiotherapy and/or tamoxifen. Regular follow-up with clinical examination and mammography is advised.
For women with widespread or multifocal microcalcifications, with Paget's disease, or who are elderly, a simple mastectomy may be preferred.
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