Associated conditions

Associated conditions causing secondary Raynaud's phenomenon are as follows:

• rheumatological
• systemic sclerosis - 90% of patients with this condition have Raynaud’s phenomenon)
• mixed connective tissue disease - 85%
• systemic lupus erythematosus - 40%
• dermatomyositis or polymyositis - 25%
• rheumatoid arthritis - 10%
• sjögren’s syndrome
• vasculitis
• haematological
• polycythaemia ruba vera
• leukaemia
• thrombocytosis
• cold agglutinin disease (Mycoplasma infections)
• paraproteinaemias
• protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, antithrombin III deficiency
• presence of the factor V Leiden mutation
• hepatitis B and C (associated with cryoglobulinaemia)
• occlusive arterial disease
• external neurovascular compression, carpal tunnel syndrome, and thoracic outlet syndrome
• thrombosis
• thromboangiitis obliterans
• embolisation
• arteriosclerosis
• buerger’s disease
• other
• hand-arm-vibration syndrome (vibration white finger)
• drugs, chemicals, or other occupational exposures e.g. - Beta-blockers, Vinyl chloride, tobacco, bleomycin
• endocrine disorders - hypothyroidism, phaeochromocytoma, carcinoid syndrome
• occult carcinoma
• infections - parvovirus B19, Helicobacter pylori (1,2,3)

Reference:

• (1) Raynaud’s & Scleroderma association. Raynaud’s & Scleroderma – An update for GP’s
• (2) Goundry B, Bell L, Langtree M, Moorthy A. Diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. BMJ. 2012;344:e289
• (3) Herrick AL. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Raynaud phenomenon. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(8):469-79