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Uncommon causes

Authoring team

Metabolic causes:

  • ketoacidosis
  • hypercalcaemia
  • lead poisoning
  • Addison's disease
  • uraemia
  • acute intermittent porphyria
  • hypertriglyceridaemia
  • drugs e.g. salicylates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, some antibiotics, imipramine, sodium valproate, iron preparations, some anticancer drugs.

Respiratory causes:

  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary embolism
  • diaphragmatic pleurisy
  • pneumothorax

Others:

  • migraine
  • myocardial infarction
  • Henoch Schonlein purpura
  • mesenteric ischaemia
  • haemolytic crisis
  • tabes dorsalis
  • spinal disease
  • sickle cell crisis
  • hepatoma
  • angioedema
  • epilepsy

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The content herein is provided for informational purposes and does not replace the need to apply professional clinical judgement when diagnosing or treating any medical condition. A licensed medical practitioner should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.

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