Treatment of Clostridium difficile

• stop offending antibiotic; if an antibiotic is essential for the primary condition, it should be changed to one that is less likely to provoke C. difficile growth
  
  
• choice of antibiotic (2):
  • when prescribing antibiotics for suspected or confirmed C. difficile infection in adults, follow table below
  • when prescribing antibiotics forsuspected or confirmed C. difficile infection in children and young people under 18 years, base the choice of antibiotic on what is recommended for C. difficile infection in adults. Take into account licensed indications for children and young people, and what products are available (see the BNF for Children for dosing information)
  • use clinical judgement to determine whether antibiotic treatment for C. difficile is ineffective. It is not usually possible to determine this until day 7 because diarrhoea may take 1 to 2 weeks to resolve
  • Table Antibiotics for adults aged 18 years and over

• * further episode (relapse or recurrence) of C. difficile infection
  • a further episode of C. difficile infection could either be a relapse, which is more likely to be with the same C. difficile strain, or a recurrence, which is more likely to be with a different C. difficile strain
  • was agreed that a relapse occurs within 12 weeks of previous symptom resolution and recurrence occurs more than 12 weeks after previous symptom resolution
• Severity of C. difficile infection
  • mild infection:
    • not associated with an increased white cell count (WCC). Typically associated with fewer than 3 episodes of loose stools (defined as loose enough to take the shape of the container used to sample them) per day
  • moderate infection:
    • associated with an increased WCC (but less than 15 × 109 per litre). Typically associated with 3 to 5 loose stools per day
  • severe infection:
    • associated with a WCC greater than 15 × 109 per litre, or an acutely increased serum creatinine concentration (greater than 50% increase above baseline), or a temperature higher than 38.5 degrees Celsius, or evidence of severe colitis (abdominal or radiological signs)
    • number of stools may be a less reliable indicator of severity
  • life-threatening infection: symptoms and signs include hypotension, partial or complete ileus, toxic megacolon or CT evidence of severe disease
• prescribing notes:
  • see the BNF for appropriate use and dosing in specific populations, for example, hepatic impairment, renal impairment, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Also see medicines safety
  • see Specialist Pharmacy Service guidance on choosing between oral vancomycin options. If ileus is present, specialists may use vancomycin rectally

Notes:

• prevent cross-infection by isolation
• there is evidence that probiotics are effective for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and treatment of Clostridium difficile disease (1,3)
• local microbiology expertise should be sought regarding local treatment guidelines. Response to treatment can take 4-6 days (4)
• NICE have suggested that faecal transplant (faecal microbiota transplant) should be considered for patients with recurrent C. difficile infections that have failed to respond to antibiotics and other treatments
• a review (6) noted that:
  • oral metronidazole appears acceptable for the treatment of a first episode of C. difficile
  • patients with persistent diarrhoea after 48 hours of appropriate anti-Clostridiodes therapy should be addressed to specialist

Reference:

• (1) McFarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:812-22
• (2)NICE (July 23rd 2021). Clostridioides difficile infection: antimicrobial prescribing
• (3) Hickson M et al. Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial.BMJ. 2007 Jul 14;335(7610):80.
• (4) Coventry PCT (May 2007). Clostridium difficile and Antibiotic Associated Diarrhoea.
• (5) NICE (March 2014). Faecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.
• (6) Klezovich-Bénard M, Bouchand F, Rouveix E, Goossens PL, Davido B. Management and characteristics of patients suffering from Clostridiodes difficile infection in primary care. Eur J Gen Pract. 2021;27(1):320-325. doi:10.1080/13814788.2021.1998447